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<title>Technology tree</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Technology tree</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">strategy games</a>, a <b>technology</b>, <b>tech</b>, or <b>research tree</b> is a <a href="Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> visual representation of the possible sequences of upgrades a player can unlock (most typically representing the <a href="Research" title="Research">research</a> progress of a given faction). Because these trees are technically directed and acyclic, they can more accurately be described as a <b><a href="Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">directed acyclic graph</a></b> of technologies. The diagram is <a href="Tree_(graph_theory)" title="Tree (graph theory)">tree</a>-shaped in the sense that it branches between each 'level', allowing the player to choose one sequence or another.<sup id="cite_ref-fundamentals_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each level is called a <i>tier</i> and is often used to describe the technological strength of a player. Typically, at the beginning of a session of a strategy game, a player will start at tier 1, which offers only a few options for research. Each technology that a player researches will normally open up one or more new options, but may also, depending on the computer game, close off the paths to other options. The tech tree is the representation of all possible paths of research a player can take, up to the culmination of said sequence.

</p><p>A player who is engaged in research activities is said to be "teching up", "going up the tech tree", or "moving up the tech tree". Analysis of a tech tree can lead players to memorize and use specific build orders.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_research">Classic research</h3></div>

<p>The Classic tech tree is the one where extensive research into new technologies must be conducted parallel to the progression of a game. Some <a href="Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> (RTS) games as well as most <a href="Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">turn-based strategy</a> (TBS) games employ this type of tech tree. In these games, players typically have a 'command center', 'unit-training-facility' and 'research facility' at their disposal from the start, allowing them to both start research into more advanced technologies, or engaging in combat with enemies using the basic units (<i><a href="Warzone_2100" title="Warzone 2100">Warzone 2100</a></i>, <i><a href="Mega_Lo_Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Lo Mania">Mega Lo Mania</a></i>, <i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> series, <i><a href="Civilization_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilization (computer game)">Civilization</a></i> series, <i><a href="Space_Empires" title="Space Empires">Space Empires</a></i> series).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allocation">Allocation</h3></div>

<p>In some games, the requirement of an actual research facility is absent. In this case players can allocate research points, or in-game resources to purchase new technologies. In some games the allocation yields direct results, meaning that procuring the new technology isn't paired with allotted time for the research of said technology to complete.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building-based">Building-based</h3></div>

<p>In most RTS games the technology tree consists of buildings which must be built in a specific sequence, which in turn unlocks new technologies. These newly unlocked technologies can be more advanced units, upgrades for research or more advanced buildings. (<i><a href="StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>, <i><a href="Command_%26_Conquer" title="Command & Conquer">Command & Conquer</a></i> series.)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prerequisites_for_technology_advances">Prerequisites for technology advances</h3></div>

<p>In most types of strategy games, the player needs particular buildings in order to research specific technologies or build specific advanced units (<i><a href="StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>, <i><a href="Total_Annihilation" title="Total Annihilation">Total Annihilation</a></i>), while in other games upgrades/technologies are unlocked through research alone (<i><a href="Warzone_2100" title="Warzone 2100">Warzone 2100</a></i>). In many TBS games the prerequisite is one or more lower-level technologies, with no dependency on specific buildings (<i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> series, <i><a href="Civilization_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilization (computer game)">Civilization</a></i> series, <i><a href="Space_Empires" title="Space Empires">Space Empires</a></i> series).<sup id="cite_ref-SeeGameManuals_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeGameManuals-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RakrentRTSBasicsRnD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RakrentRTSBasicsRnD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complexity">Complexity</h3></div>

<p>The structures of tech trees vary quite widely. In the simplest cases (e.g. <i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i>) there are several completely separate research areas and one could research all the way up to the highest level in one area without researching other areas (although this would often be far from ideal). In more complex cases (e.g. <i><a href="Civilization_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilization (computer game)">Civilization</a></i>) every technology above the starting level has more than one prerequisite and one has to research most of the lower-level technologies in order to research any of the top-level technologies. And there are many possibilities between these two variants, for example in <i><a href="Space_Empires" title="Space Empires">Space Empires</a></i> researching to a specified level in one field may enable the player both to research to a higher level in that field <i>and</i> to start research in a new field which was previously not available.<sup id="cite_ref-SeeGameManuals_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeGameManuals-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Major <a href="4X" title="4X">4X</a> games like <i><a href="Civilization_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilization (computer game)">Civilization</a></i> and <i>Master of Orion</i> have a much larger technology tree than most other strategy games; as an extreme example, <i><a href="Space_Empires_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Empires III">Space Empires III</a></i> has over 200 technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-JoystiqSoaSEDesignerInterview_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoystiqSoaSEDesignerInterview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NumbersOfTechNodes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NumbersOfTechNodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability_of_technologies">Availability of technologies</h3></div>

<p>Some RTSs make different techs available to different races or cultures (especially <i><a href="StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>; but many RTSs have special units or buildings for different cultures, e.g. <i><a href="Age_of_Empires" title="Age of Empires">Age of Empires</a></i> expansion pack and later versions, <i><a href="Red_Alert_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Alert 2">Red Alert 2</a></i>). Most TBSs make all technologies available to all cultures (e.g. <i><a href="Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a></i>). <i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> (original version) is a complex special case in this respect: the full tree is the same for all; but in each game each player gets a subset of the full tech tree that depends on which race was selected.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_between_civilian_and_military_techs">Balance between civilian and military techs</h3></div>

<p>In many RTS games tech advances are almost exclusively military (e.g. <i><a href="StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>). But in most TBS and some RTS games the research and production costs of top-end military techs are so high that you have to build up your economy and your research productivity first (RTS – <i><a href="Age_of_Empires" title="Age of Empires">Age of Empires</a></i> and <i><a href="Empire_Earth" title="Empire Earth">Empire Earth</a></i>, where one of the most significant costs is going up an epoch; TBS – the <i><a href="Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a></i> series and <i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> series).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_happens_after_researching_everything">What happens after researching everything</h3></div>

<p>In many games there's nothing useful to do and the player may scrap research centers to save maintenance costs and/or devote the resources to something else (<i><a href="Space_Empires" title="Space Empires">Space Empires</a></i> series).

</p><p>In later installments of the <i><a href="Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a></i> series the last technology (called "future tech") represents an amalgamation of all possible future discoveries and can be researched repeatedly. In <i><a href="Civilization_V" title="Civilization V">Civilization V</a></i>, it increases a player's score, while in <i><a href="Civilization_IV" title="Civilization IV">Civilization IV</a></i> it raises the health and the happiness in the empire. Note that to reach the last technology in Civilization V, all spaceship technologies required to win must also have been discovered, so the game will likely be nearing its conclusion.

</p><p>In the <i><a href="Galactic_Civilizations" title="Galactic Civilizations">Galactic Civilizations</a></i> series the final technology solves the nature of existence, and <i>is</i> victory.

</p><p>In the <i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> series more advanced research reduces the size and cost of spaceship components, and "hyper-advanced" research in areas which have military applications therefore enables players to build more high-tech weapons into a given ship size and at lower production cost.

</p><p>In <i><a href="Rise_of_Nations" title="Rise of Nations">Rise of Nations</a></i>, the final four technologies result in such an advantage that the game will likely end quickly. Also, the "knowledge" resource needed to research is also used late in the game to produce cruise missiles and nuclear weapons.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Typically the board game <i><a href="Civilization_(1980_board_game)" title="Civilization (1980 board game)">Civilization</a></i> by <a href="Francis_Tresham_(game_designer)" title="Francis Tresham (game designer)">Francis Tresham</a> (1980) is given the credit of introducing a technology tree. <i><a href="Civilization_(video_game)" title="Civilization (video game)">Sid Meier’s Civilization</a></i> (1991) is considered as an iconic computer <a href="Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">turn-based strategy</a> game for using them. Since <i>Civilization</i>, technology trees have been used in various digital games.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinimäki201521_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinimäki201521-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the first creation of a technology tree as a mechanism refers to <i>Civilization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The arcade shoot 'em up <i><a href="Gradius_(video_game)" title="Gradius (video game)">Gradius</a></i> used a power-up system functionally identical to a tech tree in 1985.

</p><p>Tech trees started showing up in <a href="Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">turn-based strategy</a> games in the early 1990s. The 1991 video game <i><a href="Mega_Lo_Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Lo Mania">Mega Lo Mania</a></i> had a tech tree with a system of research levels/epochs that allowed the deployment of better units and defences and is considered to be the first game to combine a technology tree into a <i><a href="Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a></i> game.

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<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRollingsErnest_Adams2006" class="citation book cs1">Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231072651/http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html"><i>Fundamentals of Game Design</i></a>. Prentice Hall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SeeGameManuals-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeeGameManuals_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeeGameManuals_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the relevant games' manuals.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a></i> (1993), the <i><a href="Galactic_Civilizations" title="Galactic Civilizations">Galactic Civilizations</a></i> series and <i><a href="Sword_of_the_Stars" title="Sword of the Stars">Sword of the Stars</a></i> have no research buildings; players simply allocate some of each colony's output to research (see game manuals). In the <i><a href="Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a></i> series (1991 onwards) and <i><a href="Master_of_Orion_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Orion II">Master of Orion II</a></i> (1996) one can do research without buildings, but it's much faster when supported by the right buildings (see game manuals). In the <i><a href="Space_Empires" title="Space Empires">Space Empires</a></i> series (1993 onwards) and in <i><a href="Ascendancy_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascendancy (computer game)">Ascendancy</a></i> (1995) research can only be done via buildings, but these can research any technology (see game manuals).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RakrentRTSBasicsRnD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RakrentRTSBasicsRnD_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605182535/http://www.rakrent.com/rtsc/rtsc_rnd.htm">"RTS Basics: R & D"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rakrent.com/rtsc/rtsc_rnd.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite> and the <i><a href="StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i> manual. Although multi-epoch games like the <i><a href="Age_of_Empires" title="Age of Empires">Age of Empires</a></i> and <i><a href="Empire_Earth" title="Empire Earth">Empire Earth</a></i> series have a larger number of research options and a significant proportion of civilian research options, the research options all depend on having the right buildings. See the relevant games' manuals.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JoystiqSoaSEDesignerInterview-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JoystiqSoaSEDesignerInterview_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joystiq.com/2008/02/01/joystiq-interview-ironclad-talks-4x-strategy-with-sins-of-a-sol/">"Joystiq interview: Ironclad talks 4X strategy with Sins of a Solar Empire"</a>. February 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NumbersOfTechNodes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NumbersOfTechNodes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Warcraft III</i> one can reach the highest level of one branch of the technology tree in five steps; <i>Master of Orion</i> (original version) has 10 levels per subject, and 2 to 5 technologies per level; the <i>Civilization IV</i> technology tree requires nearly 60 steps to reach the end (see game manuals).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinimäki201521-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinimäki201521_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinimäki2015">Heinimäki 2015</a>, p. 21.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGhys" class="citation web cs1">Ghys, Tuur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/tuur_ghys">"Technology Trees: Freedom and Determinism in Historical Strategy Games"</a>. <i>gamestudies.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHeinimäki2015" class="citation book cs1">Heinimäki, Teemu J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tutcris.tut.fi/portal/files/4265122/heinimaki_1349.pdf"><i>Technology Trees and Tools: Constructing Development Graphs for Digital Games - dissertation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1349. <a href="Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="Tampere_University_of_Technology" title="Tampere University of Technology">Tampere University of Technology</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789521536335</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Real-time_strategy_gameplay31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> gameplay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actions_per_minute" title="Actions per minute">Actions per minute</a></li>

<li><a href="Macromanagement_(gameplay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromanagement (gameplay)">Macromanagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Metagaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Metagaming">Metagaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromanagement_(gameplay)" title="Micromanagement (gameplay)">Micromanagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Random map">Random map</a></li>

<li><a href="Turtling_(gameplay)" title="Turtling (gameplay)">Turtling</a></li></ul>

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